Insecticide Resistance Status, Mechanism and Control Measures of Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Aedes aegypti is a primary vector responsible for transmitting several public health-threatening diseases, including dengue fever, urban yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus. Vector control has traditionally relied heavily on various chemical insecticides; however, this prolonged and intensive use of synthetic chemicals has led to the development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. This review outlines the current status of resistance develops to key classes of chemical insecticides, including carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. Additionally, the review provides an in-depth explanation of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the resistance observed in Aedes mosquitoes in natural populations. Four main types of resistance mechanisms have been identified based on biochemical processes, including Altered target-site resistance, Metabolic resistance, Penetration resistance and Behavioral resistance. This study reveals that Aedes aegypti demonstrates the highest resistance to pyrethroids, especially permethrin and deltamethrin, yet remains comparatively susceptible to organophosphates, notably malathion and fenitrothion. Further research is necessary to address key knowledge gaps and support the development of effective alternatives to conventional insecticides. It is suggested to exploit the effectiveness of plant-based compounds, biological control agents, and sterile insect technique to control the Aedes aegypti population.